

                      ᭮   ।.
                      -------------------------------

   䮭   ⫨  筮  ᫮.  ⠭
ᮥ  㥬 ⥫䮭    뢠騬    뢠
⠬  ⮫쪮 ,᫨  ᪮  () ᢮ -
஢ .⥬ ஢ ᮢ  뢠 ⥬ 㬥樨  ⥫-
䮭 .

    ⥬ 㬥樨- ⥬  (  㪢) ,ᯮ㥬 -
騬 ⠬  ⮬᪮ ⥫䮭 裡.  ⥬  -
樨 । ᫥騥 ᭮ ॡ:
     -⢨  (ᮢ) ஢    ;
     -쭠 筮 ;
     -塞 ⥬ 㬥樨  祭 ⥫쭮 ६;
     -   㬥樨  ⮬ ࠧ ,  
       㣮த ⥩;
     -   ,    짮 
       ⠬.

   ⥬ 㬥樨  ᮧ  ⭭,  ,  樮쭮
 㭠த ⥩ 裡.

    த᪠  ᥫ᪠, .. ⭠ ⥫䮭      ᢮
㬥 ᪨ .᫮  ⭮ ᪮ , -
ࠥ  ⭮ ,    .    -
⥩    ࠭     ⥩      ᢮  ᯥ-
樠 -㣮த  ⭮ , ⫨騩   㣨 -
 ⥩. ⮬ 砥 㣮த ᪨  뢠 -
 㤥   㣮த  ⭮   ⭮ ᪮-
 .

   㣮த    ᢮     ⭮  ,    -
쪨  , ᯮ  । ਨ,    
 砥 ࠧ  㬥樨,    ⮩ ਨ  뢠
. ।     ࠧࠡ⠭ ⠪   -
 㬥樨. ⮬ 砥         ᮢ-
  ᪨ ஢.⮡  ⢨,  ⭮ -
   㬥樨   ⮩ , ਬ ࠩ ,  ᢠ-
 ᢮  - ਧ (ab). ⮬ 砥  ᮧ  㬥-
樨  ਨ ࠭ 㣮த ᪨  㤥    
㣮த  ABC ( ), ਧ  ab ( ⭮  -
    )  ⭮ ᪮  .㣮த  
  ४ ᢠ    ࠭    让  -
ਥ. ࠭  ⥫쭮 ਥ ਬ ⥬  㬥-
樨.

   ᪮ 㥬  ࠭   ᥬ୮ ,  -
⥬ 㬥樨  ࠭   稭 ४樨   ᮧ-
 ᥬ୮ 㬥樨. ⢫ 㭠த 裡 । 㣮-
த ᪨ ஬     뢠  ࠭  
㭠த  .

    ⮬ ४樨   ⥬ 㬥樨 ᨨ  ⠭  ᫥-
騥 :  ਧ,  㣮த    㭠த;  
ਧ, 㣮த  㭠த ; , , 㣮த-
  㭠த .


                ঠ  ।  ⨩ ᫥饥.

    ਧ -ᮢ㯭   (),ࠪਧ  
   ⭮   ।  㬥樨.

    㣮த -ᮢ㯭  (),  ࠪਧ -
뢠  㬥樨 (  , ᫨  ࠭   㬥樨).

    㭠த - ,    ,ࠪਧ
뢠 ࠭.

     ᪨ (ᯨ )- ,  -
ࠥ 뢠騬 ⮬  ᮥ  㣨 ⮬    ⮩
 ⭮ . ⠢ ⭮ ᪮    室    ⠭樨
⭮   ⠭樮 ᪨ .

     ᪨ - ,  롨 -
뢠   ।  . ⮨  ਧ  -
  ⭮ ᪮ .

    㣮த ᪨ - ,  ࠥ  
⠭ ᮥ  ⮬ ᢮ ࠭,   । ᢮ -
⭮   .㣮த ᪨  ⮨  㣮த-
    ᪮ .

    㭠த ᪨ - ,  ࠥ  
⠭ ᮥ  ⮬ 㣮 ࠭. ⮨   㭠த-
   㣮த ᪮  뢠 .

    ᫨  맮   ⮣    ⭮, ,㣮-
த  㭠த 裡 ᯮ ᪨  ࠧ -
 ,   祭  裡, ன 㤥  짮  -
, । ᪨ ஬   ࠭  裡.

     -  ⠭樮   ।  
.

    ਧ -   ,  ࠥ -
騬 ⮬  室  । ᢮ ⭮  ,      ।
᢮  㬥樨.

    㣮த -   ,   ࠥ  -
騩   室  । ᢮  㬥樨  (  ᢮  -
⭮ , ᫨  ࠭   㬥樨),   । ᢮ ࠭.

    㭠த -   ,   ࠥ  -
騩   室  室饩 㭠த ⠭樨 ᢮ ࠭.

     ࠧࠡ⪥  ⥬ 㬥樨 ४ ᯮ짮  -
᪨ ஢ ⮫쪮 .


                        ⥬ 㬥樨.
                       ----------------------
      ⥬ 㬥樨 :   .
   ᫨  ࠭   㬥樨,   㣮த,   -
⭮ 裡  뢠 ⮬ ᯮ     ᪨ -
,  ⠪ ⥬ 㬥樨 뢠 ⮩.  ࠭,     
㬥樨,  ⮩ ⥬      뢠  -
ࠥ   ⭮,   㣮த 裡... ⥬ 㬥-
樨 - ⠪ ⥬,  ன  뢠    
 ⮯ 뢠饣   ⠥ ﭭ    ࠧ
 裡.
  ⪨ ⠪ ⥬ 㬥樨 :
    1. 讥 ᫮   , ᫨  樮쭮  .
    2. ணࠬ ᯥ祭   ।⢠    ஭  -
    ஬堭᪨ ⥬ ⥫쭮 ᫮. 
  ⮨⢠ :
    1. ⮬ ९  .
    2. ᨬ쭠 ୠ   .
    
      ⥬ 㬥樨-  ⠪ ⥬,  ன    -
     ⮯ 뢠饣 .   -
⠭ ࠧ  裡  ࠥ ࠧ .
  ⮨⢠ ⮩ ⥬ 㬥樨 :
    1.  ᯮ짮 ᮪饭  ⥬  㬥樨 (  -
     裡 - ᯮ짮 쭮 ᫠  ).
    2. ᫮ ணࠬ   । ⠥   ᫮-
      裡.
  ⪨: 
    1.      裡  ⠭.
    2.   ୮  .
    
       ஢ - ⥬ 㬥樨.
    
    㬥  ,  ᨬ  , ᫥  ᯮ짮  -
 -,-  ᥬ 㬥. ⨧筠 ᯮ   -
ࠩ஢   㧫ࠧ, ⨧筠 㬥 -      
㧫 室饣 ᮮ饭, ᥬ筠 㬥 -    㧫  室-
饣  室饣 ᮮ饭.  ஢ ⥬ 樨    ணࠬ-
 ࠢ ॠ 5-,6-,7- 㬥     
㧫.

     롮 筮 ᫥ 뢠 樥 ᯮ짮  -
  , ⠢騩 40...50%  襥 ⨫⨥   60...80%
 ᯥ⨢,  ⭮   襭 ⮣ 樥    -
ᯥ⨢ ⥬ ணࠬ묨 ।⢠. ⢥ ࢮ    -
᪮    ᯮ짮  , ஬ 0  8.
    
    ஬ ⮩ 㬥樨  筮      ਬ
 ᬥ蠭 㬥,    ६    -
᪨   ࠧ ᫮  (5-6-筠  6-7-筠 㬥).
ᯮ짮 ⠪ 㬥樨 ᪠  室 ਮ   5-    6-
筮 㬥樨   6-筮  7-歮 㬥樨.
    
    㬥    ⮬ 孨᪨ ⥩  ᥫ᪨    
 ᫥:  ⨧筠 㬥,  㬥    -
 室   㬥  ᮬ xoa.   ⨯ 㬥-
樨  ᯥ⨢묨.  뢠,  樥  ᯮ짮-
 ୮     ⠢ 30...40%  襥  ⨫-
⨥  50...6%  ᯥ⨢,  ⭮,   襭 ⮣  -
樥 ணࠬ묨 ।⢠   ᯥ⨢ ⥬.
    
     ⮩ 㬥樨 ⠭樮  ⠭樮 ᮥ,  
⮬ ᫥,    室 , ⢫   ⠭樨 -
ᨬ   祭, ஬ ⨧筮    ॡ㥬  .
ᯮ짮 ⮩ 㬥樨      ⨧묨  ॣࠬ
(-100/2000, -50/200)     ணࠬ ࠢ.
    
     ⮩ ⥬  㬥樨      室  ⠭樮
 ⮢    ⢫ ஬ ᮪饭 姭 -
஢,  ⠭樮  -஬ ⨧ ஢    
室.⠭樮  ⠭樮 裡 ⮢   ⢫
஬ ⨧ ஢.  ⢥    ᮪饭  -
⠭樮 ஢   ᯮ짮  ,  ਬ塞    ⢥
  ⨧ ஢,  ⠪  0   8.맮  ७  
ࠢ筮-ଠ樮 㦡 ࠩ業 ⠬   ⠭権    
⮩ 㬥樨   室 ந ஬ ᮪饭 -
஢  㦡 0x(x),  室   -஬  8.    㬥-
    室      ᯮ짮    ,  㤮
,  -100/2000  -50/200  ⨧묨   ணࠬ  ࠢ-
.
    
     㬥   ।⥫쭥 ⮩  㬥樨      
訬  ᫮      㧫  ⠭権      (50...  200
஢),   ⠭樮 (㧫)  㧪  ⥫쭮
ॢ蠥 ⠭樮 (㧫).
    
     뤥    ⢥ ࢮ   ⨧筮  㬥-
樨 ।쭠      姭筮  ⠭樮  㬥-
樨 ⠢ 700 ஢,  뤥   - 600 ஢,  
- 500 ஢ 	.. 訥  ୮   ⮩ 㬥樨  
   室   ᭮  ⪮.⮨⢠  ⠪  -
樨   ᫥饬:
    - 姭    ⮬, 祬 ⨧;
    - 祬  筮 , ⥬   ᪠ 訡  -
     ;
    -  ᮪饭  ॡ  ६  ⠭ ᮥ-
    ,  ᭨ 㧪  ਡ .

      㬥   室  室  ⮩  -
樨,  ਬ  ࠭祭 ⥬,   ⮩ ⥬ 㬥樨  
   ࠧ :   ⠭樮 裡, 㣮 
⠭樮 裡.
     
      室   㬥    㬥    
室 ᪠ ਬ   ⮩ 㬥樨   ᮬ  室.
 ⮩ ⥬ 㬥樨  ᮬ 室 ⠭樮   
   ᮪饭  ᮤন  .  ⠭樮  裡  
砫 ࠥ  室 9,  ⥬ ⨧   뢠-
  xxxxx.饭 ⠭樮    稭 
 9.맮 ७  ࠢ筮-ଠ樮 㦡 ࠩ業  -
⢫ ஬  室 9   㦡 0x(x), 맮   -஬
ᮢ 9  8.
     
           800 ஢ ⠭樮   ⠭樮
 ⢫ ஬ ⨧筮    室.-
⠭樮 㬥   ⠪ ⨧筠.   ⨧  -
᪨ ஢   稭   0  8.
     
     室  室 맢 ⥬,   ⮩ ⥬  㬥-
樨  ࠥ ࠧ ᫮   ⠭  ⠭樮-
  ⠭樮 ᮥ. ⠭樨  -50/200 ᪨ ॣ-
 姭,   ⠭ ⮫쪮 ⠭樮  ᮥ-
.⥫쭮, । ⠭ ᮥ   ।  ⠭樨,  
஬ ࠥ    ,         
᫠  ⠭ ᨣ  ॡ 譥 裡 - 室 9.
     
     㤮    ⨧ ॣ.

      ᨬ  ⨯ ⠭権    ⮩    ਬ -
 ⥬ 㬥樨   ᮬ, ⠪    室.

     㬥  ஢ ⥫䮭   祭   ࠩ-
஢   㧫ࠧ ( ⨧筮 㬥樥  )  -
   ᫮,   ᪮쪨 ਠ⮢.

     ᫨ ୠ  ஢  ᮣ᭮ ࠫ쭮  
ࠧ  ॢ蠥 80 . ஢,   ᯮ ⨧筠 㬥-
.

     ᫨ ୠ  ஢   ॢ蠥    ᯥ⨢  80
. ஢,       ਬ  ⨧筠  㬥.  
祭     㧫ࠧ (-    ᥬ筠  㬥)
 ஢  筮 㬥樨 ࠭ ⠪ ,    
, ⮫쪮  㬥樨  뤥 100  ஢  ᥫ᪨  -
⮢.


                      ⥬ 㬥樨.
                     -------------------------

    롮 ᫠   ⭮,   㣮த ᪨  -
, । 室 ᫠   ࠭, 롮  ,  㣮-
த ᮢ ।⢥ 易  ⨥  ⥬  㬥-
樨. ⥬ 㬥樨 - ।쭠, ⥮᪨    -
ୠ    ⥫䮭 ⥩ ࠭   ⥬ 㬥-
樨.饥 ᫮ ⮢   , ᫥⥫쭮,   ॢ-
  㬥樨.
    
     ⥬ 㬥樨   ਭ⮩ ⥬ 㬥樨:  -
   㣮த ᪮   ᫠  (㪢),  ᯮ짮-
    .
    
     ਬ ᬮਬ  뢠     ⮩  ⥬
㬥樨.᫨  ।  㬥樨 ᯮ  ⥬ 㬥-
樨, 祬       ,  N=10( ⥯ n).
,  ᥬ筮 㬥樨   n=7  N=10( ⥯ 7) ,.. 10 -
. ᫨  ᫮ ᯮ㥬 祭 ࢮ  ࠭祭, -
,ᥬ (0- ᯮ  室  ᯥ樠 㦡, 8- 室 
㣮த  㭠த ),  N=8*10( ⥯ 6), ..8 .
    
    ࠪ᪨  ⥩ ᥣ   塞    㬥樨
-  ᯮ짮 ਧ, 㣮த     
⠭権.⭮襭 ⢨⥫쭮  樮쭮  N   -
樨 N 뢠 樥 ᯮ짮 㬥樨 : p=N/N. -
 p  ࠧ⨥  㢥稢,  筮  ॢ蠥 0,1-0,2.
  
  ⠪,    ⥬ 㬥樨,   -
  ᭠ ⥬ 㬥樨.


                 ⥬ 㬥樨   ᨨ.
                 -------------------------------

      室  7- ᢮  ᥬ୮ 㬥樨,    co⠢  ன
室 ⠪ ᫥騥 ࠭:
㡫  (६,  ᢮   374);
㡫 ⠭;
᪠ 㡫;
㡫  ⠭;
㡫 બ⠭;
㡫 ⠭;
ࠨ (६,  ᢮  380).
     ࠭ 襫  7- ᢮  ᥬ୮ 㬥樨,  뫨 ᢮-
  㭠த :
ࡠ᪠  㡫  -  994;
⮭᪠ 㡫 - 372;
⮢᪠ 㡫 - 370;
⢨᪠ 㡫  -  371;
㡫  - 373;
㡫 ଥ - 375;
㡫 㧨 - 995.

    ᨨ  ନ஢ ⥫䮭  뫠    
㬥樨. ᭮ ਭ樯 ࣠樨  㬥樨  -  ﭭ  -
 ᪮    (ᥬ ).
   
   ᪨ ,  樮쭮 ⥫䮭   ᨨ    
  ⮨     ()  ᥬ筮   ,
  ᢮ । ⮨   ⭮        筮
㯯 ⮢ ⭮  ()     ᪮    -
⭮ .
   
   ᫨ ⥫䮭   ॢᨫ ᥬ 㬥,    -
 ਨ ࣠   㬥樨    ABC.
   
    ⮬᪮ 㣮த ⥫䮭 裡    
8-ABCabxxxxx, :
     8 -  㣮த 裡; 
     ABC -      (㣮த ); 
     ab - ਧ ;
     xxxxx - ᪨   ⭮ ⥫䮭 .
   
    ⮢ ⭮   ࠢ묨  묨 㦡  ᯥ-
稢 ⥬   ᮪饭 -  -筮  ,  
筮 ᪮ . 饭    ᢠ  ७
㦡,  ⠪  ࠢ   㦡,    訬
ᮬ. 㦡, ࠪਧ騬 ࠭祭    ᯮ짮
(ࠢ  쭨, , ⤥ ।⨩;   -
 ६   ..) ᢠ ᪨ .  浪  -
祭 ᪨   ६  ᢠ  ⤥  -
⢥ 㦡,   㬥 뤥 ᮪饭 , ,
 쭥襬 ⠪ 㦡   ॢ  ᮪饭 㬥.
   ਬ砭.
            1.  㦡, 騬 ᮪饭  ,      
᪮ ⥫䮭 ,  ⠪䮭 饣 짮    ᯥ-
樠쭮 ࠢ筮 ⠪䮭.  㦡, 騬 ᪨ , -
    ᪮  ⥫䮭        ⠪䮭  饣
짮.
            2. 㦡  ᪨ ࠬ,  ᨬ    -
,      ࠢ   ᪮  ,    ࠢ
᪮쪨   ਩ ᪠,  ࠢ ⥭, 筮  -
筮 㯯 ⮢.
      
    ७ 㦡     ᢠ ᫥騥  -
 㧭 : 
      ୠ  ...................................01
      ............................................02
      ᪮ 樭᪠ ..........................03
      ਩ 㦡  ......................04

     믮 ஫ 맮       뤥  -
⥫  99       ⥭  㯯.  
     ⮩ 楫  ᯮ짮  39   ᪮
㯯.
    
     믮 ஢ 맮       뤥  
 ᪮쪮 ஢.  ।       
( 217,  47), ࠧ, ᫨  㦭, ன .  -
ᮮࠧ     ਩ ᪠.      -
  祭 ⮮⢥稪 (᫮      
  ᨬ  ᭠饭  ஫쭮-⥫쭮  ன).
    ਬ砭. 
             ᪠ ᯮ짮  ஢  -
 맮  99.  ⮬ 砥   ᪫  -
 ஢ ஢  ஫ 맮.
    
     室  㣮த        "8"  
⥬ 㣮த .
    
     ⮬᪮ 㣮த ⥫䮭 裡     -
 8-ABCabxxxxx, :
        ABC-    (㣮த ),
        ab- ਧ ;
        xxxxx- ᪨  ⭮ ⥫䮭 .
    ਬ砭.
            1.  ⢥ "  "    ᯮ짮  
              , ஬ 1,2  9,   ⢥ ""    ""--
               .
           2.  ⢥ ࢮ  ᪮   
               ⥫䮭   ᥬ-, -    -
              ⨧筮  㬥樥      ᯮ짮 
               8  0.
            3.  ⢥ ""      ᯮ짮  
              , ஬ 8  0,   ⢥ "  "  -   
              ,   ⠬ ਬ砭 2.
            4. ⭮    業  㬥樨  
              ⨧筮 㬥樨  ⢥ " " 뤥-
               22,   ⨧筮 㬥樨    ⢥
              "" 뤥 2.
            5. ᫨   ⭮ 裡  室  
                ࠥ  室,  ᫥ -
              ࠥ ⥫쭮 । ᮬ 室  
              .

      ⮬᪮  裡        8-2abxxxxx,
:
      2 -  ਧ 裡,
      abxxxxx -  ᪨ .
      
            ᪮      "",
뤥  ᫥ 楫:
   80 - 室  ⥫䮭⠬ ⥬, 뤥  㦨;
   81,82 - 室  室饬 ࠡ祬  ⥫䮭 㭠भ  -
       㣮த 㦡 ᮮ⢥⢥;
   89 - 室    ⢥      ஢  ஢
       ⠭ ;
   90,91 -  裡  ⠬ ࠫ쭮 ⮢   裡;
   99 - 맮 ⠬  㣮த  ਧ  㦡  -
     ⭮ 業.

        - 83-85, 88, 98 - १ࢭ.

     ⮬᪮ 㭠த ⥫䮭 裡   
- 8-10N :
             10 -   ⮬᪮ 㭠த 裡,
             N - 㭠த  뢠  .
    
    㭠த  ⮨   ࠭ ()  樮쭮 
뢠    (N.).

    ᨬ쭠 筮 㭠த   15  .

     ࣠樨 ⢨  孨᪮  ᮭ ࠧ 㦡 -
 䎏  ।ᬮ७  㦥  .

    㦥  ࠧ  㭪 ᯮ  , . ⠬
㦥   㪮⥫  ꥪ⮢ , 孨᪨ ᮭ
 ..

    ᫨ 㦥  室  ⠢ ,    室    o⢫
  㣮த      宦 . 室  㦥   
 ⢫  ᯥ樠쭮 뤥 㣮த , ⫨筮 
㣮த  ,  ਨ ன ᯮ     .

    㬥  ⭮ 㦥 裡 (  㦥 )- --
筠.
